What are civil and commercial cases involving foreign elements?

According to civil procedure laws of China, foreign-related civil and commercial cases refer to civil and commercial cases that involve foreign elements, including:
　　(1) cases where one or both parties involved are foreign individuals, stateless persons, foreign entities or organizations;
　　(2) cases where one or both parties involved have their habitual residence outside the territory of the People’s Republic of China;
　　(3) cases whose subject matter is located outside the territory of the People’s Republic of China;
　　(4) cases where the legal facts that establish, modify, or terminate civil relationships occur outside the territory of the People’s Republic of China; and
　　(5) cases that can be determined as foreign-related civil and commercial cases.

Civil and commercial cases involving Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan refer to those involving elements related to Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan. The standards for determining Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan-related elements can be referred to the provisions mentioned above regarding foreign-related civil and commercial cases.